Instructional Design Models: What They Are and How You Can Use Them.

In this blog, you will discover the three Instructional design models and the similarities and differences that they share in relation to each other. As you read over the information, think about how you can use these models in your career. 

        1. ADDIE Model 

The ADDIE Model abbreviated for Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation is well-known as it establishes a framework that "is versatile enough to design any learning experience for any audience, from cellular biology lessons to corporate training programs" (Lastiri, 2021). In the image below, you will see how each phase is implemented and the requirements for each stage. 

 

                  Photo by Futuristic Playground 

 Advantages and Disadvantages of Implementing ADDIE into Your Design Project

         Advantages                                            

• High quality                                         
• Effective                                               
• Structured 
• Easy modification

          Disadvantages 

• Time-consuming
• Overly-detailed
• Challenging

As you can see there are more benefits of implementing ADDIE than there are disadvantages. In the end, though it may be time-consuming ADDIE will provide a great final product that you will be glad that you spent the extra time on creating your design. Other benefits that designers will receive are guidance through the process of creating your design using ADDIE. These guiding benefits "allow for an iterative process, complete each stage before going to the next, pay attention to your original course objectives, and act on feedback from your team, client, learners, and instructors" (Lastiri, 2021). The ADDIE Model can be used "for industries such as manufacturing or construction but poses a significant challenge for innovative industries such as Instructional Design" (The Virtual Training Team 2021). 

        2. SAM Model

The Successive Approximation Model (SAM) is a "simplified version of the ADDIE Model designed specifically to elicit feedback and build working models earlier in the process" (Kennesaw State University). In the image below, you can see that the SAM Model is made up of three parts being the preparation, iterative design, and iterative development. 

             Photo by Kennesaw State University 

With the SAM Model being simple one can use the model for various uses such as creating or revising an assignment or paper. The process of doing so would include: 

"Step One: Gather Materials

Step Two: Meet with your Team (Colleagues, students, etc.)

Step Three: Create a Prototype of the Assignment

Step Four: Ask for feedback

Step Five: Make changes" (Kennesaw State University). 

Advantages and Disadvantages of Implementing SAM into Your Design Project

          Advantages                                            

• Continuous reevaluation and assessing of materials 
• Provides feedback from all parties
• Rapid development 

          Disadvantages  

• Lack of cohesion due to feedback from all parties 
• Engagement is more targeted than effective learning

        3. KEMP Model 

The KEMP Model also referred to as the 'Morrison, Ross, and Kemp Model' is an "informative approach to instructional design by virtue of it's non-linear structure, and the interrelated nature of its components" (Kurt 2016). The KEMP Model can be used to design flipped classrooms to increase student performance and assessments. In the image below, you will see the circular structure of the KEMP Model which "allows instructional designers a significant degree of flexibility, because they are able to begin the design process with any of the nine components or stages, rather than being constrained to work in a linear fashion" (Kurt 2016).  

                Photo by Educational Technology

The KEMP Model is composed of nine core elements: 

1. Determine the specific goals, and also identify potential instructional issues

2. Identify characteristics of learners that should be taken into account during the planning process

3. Clarify course content, and analyze the proposed task components in relation to the stated goals and  purposes of the course

4. Define instructional objectives and desired learning outcomes

5. Ensure that content for each instructional unit is structure sequentially and logically to facilitate      learning

6. Design instructional strategies to enable individual learners to master the content, and achieve desired learning outcomes

7. Plan the instructional message and the appropriate mode of delivery

8. Develop evaluation instruments suitable for measuring and assessing learners’ progress towards achieving course objectives

9. Choose the appropriate resources that will support both teaching and learning activities

Advantages and Disadvantages of Implementing KEMP into Your Design Project

          Advantages                                            

• Non-linear
• Interdependent 
• Cyclical
• Learner-directed

          Disadvantages 

• Focuses on development of curriculum not single instruction
• Can't overcome obstacles of administrative support 

        4. Comparing the ADDIE, SAM, and KEMP Models 

ADDIE vs. KEMP

• Begin with identifying problems, objectives, and audience.
• Features designs, development, implementation, and evaluation steps. 
• Formative evaluation throughout design process.

KEMP vs. SAM

• Both are non-linear
• Both allow feedback from parties 
• Both are flexible

ADDIE vs. SAM 

• Both create learning courses using text, storyboards, graphics, audio, and video.

        5. Differences in the ADDIE, SAM, and KEMP Models 

ADDIE vs. KEMP

• ADDIE works sequentially vs. Kemp is iterative. 
• KEMP features confirmative evaluation while ADDIE does not. 
• KEMP is learner centered while ADDIE is designer centered.

KEMP vs. SAM 

• KEMP contains nine core elements while SAM is made up of three parts. 

SAM vs. ADDIE

• SAM is non-linear while ADDIE is linear
• SAM is more flexible than ADDIE
• SAM is faster than ADDIE which is time-consuming

        Conclusion

I hope this blog has provided you with the ability to determine which model is best for the project you're working on. There are many benefits to using each model and many ways they can be used to enhance learning through various platforms. 

        Resources

• Addie vs Sam 
• ADDIE vs. SAM: Which Learning Methodology Is Better For Design?
• Comparing Instructional Design Models: ADDIE vs. The Kemp Model
• Instructional Design and Models: ASSURE and Kemp
• Kemp Design Model
• Kennesaw State University
• Should We Use the ADDIE Model in Instructional Design?
• The Design Phase of ADDIE
• What is the ADDIE Model For Instructional Design? Everything You Should Know